endobj 10 0 obj Later models suggest that the cognitive miser and the nave scientist create two poles of social cognition that are too monolithic. [23], Cognitive misers could also be one of the contributors to the prisoner's dilemma in gaming theory. [34], The theory that human beings are cognitive misers, also shed light on the dual process theory in psychology. Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending congnitive effort. /Header /Sect Define 'groupthink' and describe its symptoms and impact on decision making. >> AVERSIVE /F6 26 0 R -Difficult tasks: surrounded by people during a challenge makes us perform worse, Group bystander effect: bystanders in emergencies typically want to intervene but freeze up. /P 3 0 R [27][28], Based on the assumption that human beings are cognitive misers and tend to minimize the cognitive costs, low-information rationality was introduced as an empirically grounded alternative in explaining decision making and attitude formation. 1 0 obj 238 0 R 239 0 R] That is, habitual cooperators assume most of the others as cooperators, and habitual defectors assume most of the others as defectors. >> Harvard cognitive scientist David Perkins coined the term "mindware" to refer to the rules, data, procedures, strategies and other cognitive tools (knowledge of probability, logic and. /Workbook /Document /Font << /ExtGState << /F4 24 0 R /Length 2864 If the statement is always true, explain why. /Tabs /S /Annots [34 0 R] -Conformity: /GS7 27 0 R << /Type /Page 4 [139 0 R 140 0 R 141 0 R 142 0 R 143 0 R 144 0 R 145 0 R 146 0 R 147 0 R 148 0 R In this chapter, we present the multiple knowing processes evolved to enable the tactical flexibility to pursue diverse goals.. /Tabs /S "Errors and biases in our impressions of others are caused by motivations." This is true in what view of the social thinker? The Nave Scientist Attribution theory Making Attributions Attributional Biases The Cognitive Miser Heuristics The Motivated Tactician Social Categorization Basic Principles Why Do We Categorize? >> When processing with System 1 which start automatically without control, people expend little or even no effort, but can generate complex patterns of ideas. >> 5 0 obj In unserem Vergleich haben wir die unterschiedlichsten 70413 lego am Markt unter die Lupe genommen und die wichtigsten Eigenschaften, die Kostenstruktur und die Bewertungen der Kunden abgewogen. What is what? [29][30] The less expertise citizens have on an issue initially, the more likely they will rely on these shortcuts. [24], Lack of public support towards emerging techniques are commonly attributed to lack of relevant information and the low scientific literacy among the public. makes us behave like naive scientists, rationally and logically testing our hypotheses about the behavior of others. Prototype: abstract, cognitive representation of the typical/idealcategory member (with all the categorys defining features), Exemplars: specific, concrete example of a category member, can vary in how prototypical they are (i.e. The source code for the WIKI 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the Mozilla Foundation, Google, and Apple. [4] Usually people do not think rationally or cautiously, but use cognitive shortcuts to make inferences and form judgments. -Participants were with a confederate where the participant took on the role of a teacher and the confederate a student, they had to administer increasingly painful shocks in response to wrong answers, if they hesitated the experimenter encouraged them to continue 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /Type /Group List and Describe the Algebraic Impression Formation types: The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. [2][20], Voting behavior in democracies are an arena in which the cognitive miser is at work. /Type /Page /CS /DeviceRGB Naive scientist Cognitive miser A and B Cognitive misers usually act in two ways: by ignoring part of the information to reduce their own cognitive load, or by overusing some kind of information to avoid finding more information. /GS7 27 0 R 20 0 obj /Parent 2 0 R What topics are of interest to Social Psychologists? /GS8 28 0 R /Type /Page 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 >> 2 0 obj<>stream /Subject (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture 2nd Edition Fiske Test BankInstant Download) Does a cognitive miser use automatic processing (system 1/intuitive) or controlled processing (or system 2/analytical/)? Sie suchen nach einem 70413 lego, das Ihren Ansprchen gerecht wird? A question arises, but System 1 does not generate an answer. << Naive scientist Heider (1958a) argued that ordinary people are scientific, rational thinkers who make causal attribution s using similar processes to those of scientists. 8 [240 0 R 241 0 R 242 0 R 243 0 R 244 0 R 245 0 R 246 0 R 247 0 R 248 0 R 249 0 R Schema: cognitive structure that represents knowledge andbeliefs about a specific category (e.g. But the problem remains that although these shortcuts could not compare to effortful thoughts in accuracy, people should have a certain parameter to help them adopt one of the most adequate shortcuts. 20 . ->Western: individualistic, autonomy, competence (getting ahead), analytical thinking (objects), rights << Which is viewed as more homogeneous? /Resources << /S /Transparency What is an attribution? endobj %PDF-1.3 << /Resources << /GS8 28 0 R The nave scientist and attribution theory; Heuristics; The cognitive miser theory; Implications; Updates and later research; References; The term -Participants administered at least some shocks and 62% showed complete obedience, administering all the shocks, -State of mind where someone believes in absolute obedience or submission to one's own authority as well as oppressing subordinates. [1] Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending cognitive effort. Describe his findings. 722 333 389 722 611 889 722 722 556 722 >> ETSU Online Programs - http://www.etsu.edu/onlineModule 4 - Social Psychology: Cognitive Misers, Schemas, & Social CognitionMOD 04 EP 15 /F3 23 0 R Lippmann therefore suggested that the public "cannot be wise", since they can be easily misled by overly simplified reality which is consistent with their pre-existing pictures in mind, and any disturbance of the existing stereotypes will seem like "an attack upon the foundation of the universe". Passions, on the other hand, connote impulse and emotion, femininity and heat. /ExtGState << /Parent 2 0 R >> /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Parent 2 0 R endobj /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /LastChar 116 /ExtGState << continued demands and government responses are therefore unfair, racism is wrong, my beliefs are not racist they are based on facts [5][6] These shortcuts include the use of schemas, scripts, stereotypes, and other simplified perceptual strategies instead of careful thinking. -2008 first black president 1 [73 0 R 74 0 R 75 0 R 76 0 R 77 0 R 78 0 R 79 0 R 80 0 R 81 0 R 82 0 R ", -Kurt Lewin: influences - fascism / final solution and gestalt principle (things are assigned by humans). /StructParents 12 That is to say, people live in a second-handed world with mediated reality, where the simplified model for thinking (i.e., stereotypes) could be created and maintained by external forces. ->paying an increase of the original price for extras We'll bring you back here when you are done. /GS7 27 0 R students and group work, are you assertive? Information from the outside world i Negativity bias refers to the notion that, even when of equal intensity, things of a more negative nature have a greater effect on one's psychological state Schema is concept by J. Piaget, it is a mental structure for representing concepts stored in the memory (Ajideh, 2003). 12 [337 0 R 338 0 R 339 0 R 340 0 R 341 0 R 342 0 R 343 0 R 344 0 R 345 0 R 346 0 R The cognitive miser theory is an . ->Inuit: low food accumulating, took risks, less conformity -Discrimination:negative behavior to members of out groups. /CS /DeviceRGB Applying this framework to human thought processes, nave scientists seek the consistency and stability that comes from a coherent view of the world and need for environmental control. too much on mibd = heuristics 3) importance - heuristics better for estimates, if decison is important become a naive scientist 4) information level - if have all necessary info = become naive scientist /ExtGState << << -A model that accounts for the two basic ways that attitude change occurs - with and without much thought. Three lines of research within the Cognitive Miser. /StructParents 9 Explain the significance of HWKoFW. /MarkInfo << 6,000 & 7,000 \\ 159 0 R 160 0 R 161 0 R 162 0 R 163 0 R 164 0 R 165 0 R] -Americans had no problems with the original tst, easterners struggled until the second test when there was a group setting. In what ways do we view members of our In-group differently from out-groups? 1) time - short of time = use cog. << /Resources << (1950s) a. /Nums [0 [52 0 R 53 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 57 0 R 58 0 R 59 0 R 60 0 R 61 0 R How does social facilitation affect the performance of tasks that are simple/well practiced? Please select the correct language below. People have trouble in imagining how small failings can pile up to form a catastrophe; People tend to get accustomed to risk. >> [28] [29] The less expertise citizens have on an issue initially, the more likely they will rely on these shortcuts. % 333 500 500 278 278 500 278 778 500 500 endobj Fiske and Taylor argue that acting as cognitive misers is rational due to the sheer volume and intensity of information and stimuli humans intake. 7 0 obj -Cognitive Misers: take shortcuts whenever possible, value ease and efficiency at the expense of accuracy. /Font << /Slide /Part (b) Estimate the time at which the ball is at its highest point and estimate the height of the ball at that time. /Author (Fiske) Learn moreOpens in new window, Self-Inference Processes: The Ontario Symposium, Volume 6. /GS7 27 0 R 5*#H-B^]gOh #xQfy%^0X(?N,S )? -Cognitive component: stereotypes First proposed in 1958 by Fritz Heider in The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations, this theory holds that humans think and act with dispassionate rationality whilst engaging in detailed and nuanced thought processes for both complex and routine actions. ]}|Mb7*_JH G]$@6=/}Cuqpm ~^n#KJGX+]'4T5.$-g-'A/u3= kq^L%D-fU_gH,P(VZZi(c5T/W i4SUk^] H/r*5F[r &w0+p\G&:'5%DQm 8uhR6. 23417270. free . /GS8 28 0 R On the other hand, in Lippmann's view, people are told about the world before they see it. [2][3], The term cognitive miser was first introduced by SusanFiske and ShelleyTaylor in 1984. << Errors can be prevented only by enhanced monitoring of System 2, which costs a plethora of cognitive efforts. As a result, one will generally believe one's impressions and act on one's desires. be a cognitive miser, and second categorization clarifies and redefines our Change occurs via exposure to schema-inconsistent evidence: book-keeping: change is gradual, as evidence accumulates, conversion: change is sudden, after critical mass of evidence, sub-typing: sub-categories to accommodate evidence, Cognitive shortcuts that provide adequately accurate inferences formost of us, most of the time. >> The Christian Clerical Culture of Western Science (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 286. Congratulations on this excellent venture what a great idea! -"I told the other participant I liked the task and I got pad only one dollar to do so, so I must've actually liked it". [39] Kruglanski proposed that people are combination of nave scientists and cognitive misers: people are flexible social thinkers who choose between multiple cognitive strategies (i.e., speed/ease vs. accuracy/logic) based on their current goals, motives, and needs. endobj /Parent 2 0 R [8] In this way, humans were thought to think like scientists, albeit nave ones, measuring and analyzing the world around them. 2011 . The meaning seeker theory reject both metaphors of human cognitive behaviors of cognitive miser and motivated tactician. /FirstChar 32 /F1 21 0 R [clarificationneeded] Errors can be prevented only by enhanced monitoring of System 2, which costs a plethora of cognitive efforts. << The basic principle is to save mental energy as much as possible, even when it is required to "use your head". What are some real world consequences of attributions? << What is the difference between them? -Enhance performance and minimize loafing by recording who is doing what /Type /Group /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] >> /F2 22 0 R [15] Fiske and Taylor, building upon the prevalence of heuristics in human cognition, offered their theory of the cognitive miser. . /FontDescriptor 364 0 R A schema is a cognitive framework that helps organize and interpret information. 5 0 obj /Tabs /S Overview cognitive miser Quick Reference An interpretation of stereotypes as psychological mechanisms that economize on the time and effort spent on information processing by simplifying social reality, which would otherwise overwhelm our cognitive capacities with its complexity. Instead, Fiske, Taylor, and Arie W. Kruglanski and other social psychologists offer an alternative explanation of social cognition: the motivated tactician. << The implications of this theory raise important questions about both cognition and humanbehavior. /F4 24 0 R What is the Fundamental Attribution Error? Identify three specific concepts that support the logic of each philosophical anthropology (you should be discussing a total of 9 supporting concepts). In par-ticular, this need . %PDF-1.5 >> /FontDescriptor 365 0 R /Type /Group /Contents 38 0 R 0 0 250 333 250 278 500 500 500 500 /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] endobj provides open learning resources for your academics, careers, intellectual development, and other wisdom related purposes. /Resources << This article describes an anomalous social space within the field of homelessness in San Francisco, that of "pro" recyclers, homeless men who spend much of their time collecting recyclables for redemption. (a) Graph this equation with a graphing calculator and the window ttt-min =2,t=-2, t=2,t-max =10=10=10; SSS-min =20,Smax=250=-20, S-\max =250=20,Smax=250. /StructParents 0 You have created 2 folders. come up with 6 examples - YES come up with 12 examples- NO, try to adjust for anchor but never adjust enough, testing hypothesis by seeking out the cases that match the hypothesis. /S /Transparency /Artifact /Sect /GS7 27 0 R >> /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding What kinds of differences are found in attention, cognition, emotion and behaviors based on cultural dimensions such as independence/interdependence or individualistic versus collectivist? /Creator (alibabadownload.com) << Describe Anchoring & Adjustment Heuristic: audio not yet available for this language, NAIVE SCIENTIST: people use rational scientific-like cause-effectanalyses to understand the world, COGNITIVE MISER: people use the least complex & demandingcognitions that are able to produce generally adaptivebehaviours, IMPRESSION FORMATION: the way in which we developperceptions of a person, Personality Recency: information presented later has more impact thanearlier information, Self schema: individualised knowledge structures about the self, {"cdnAssetsUrl":"","site_dot_caption":"Cram.com","premium_user":false,"premium_set":true,"payreferer":"clone_set","payreferer_set_title":"Week 3 Social Psychology","payreferer_url":"\/flashcards\/copy\/week-3-social-psychology-7549740","isGuest":true,"ga_id":"UA-272909-1","facebook":{"clientId":"363499237066029","version":"v12.0","language":"en_US"}}. Sandrine . They write, "cognitive heuristics are at times employed by almost all voters, and that they are particularly likely to be used when the choice situation facing voters is complex heuristic use generally increases the probability of a correct vote by political experts but decreases the probability of a correct vote by novices. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 176 0 R 177 0 R 178 0 R 179 0 R 180 0 R 181 0 R 182 0 R 183 0 R 184 0 R 185 0 R /F2 22 0 R /Font << How did the experimenters increase inter-group hostility between the two groups of boys? /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] [2] In other words, humans are more inclined to act as cognitive misers using mental short cuts to make assessments and decisions, about issues and ideas about which they know very little as well as issues of great salience. /Type /Group -Groupthink: mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. Sometimes leads us to hold on to incorrect and negativebeliefs/schemas. 2 [91 0 R 92 0 R 93 0 R 94 0 R 95 0 R 96 0 R 97 0 R 98 0 R 99 0 R 100 0 R /Parent 2 0 R On the other hand, in Lippmann's view, people are told about the world before they see it. [11] Through the study of causal attributions, led by Harold Kelley and Bernard Weiner amongst others, social psychologists began to observe that subjects regularly demonstrate several attributional biases including but not limited to the fundamental attribution error. The term stereotype is thus introduced: people have to reconstruct the complex situation on a simpler model before they can cope with it, and the simpler model can be regarded as stereotype. They write, "cognitive heuristics are at times employed by almost all voters, and that they are particularly likely to be used when the choice situation facing voters is complex heuristic use generally increases the probability of a correct vote by political experts but decreases the probability of a correct vote by novices." In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of humans to think and solveproblems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. When processing with System 2, people allocate attention to effortful mental activities required, and can construct thoughts in an orderly series of steps. Lippmann therefore suggested that the public "cannot be wise", since they can be easily misled by overly simplified reality which is consistent with their pre-existing pictures in mind, and any disturbance of the existing stereotypes will seem like "an attack upon the foundation of the universe". . /CS /DeviceRGB What are its consequences? 3 [114 0 R 115 0 R 116 0 R 117 0 R 118 0 R 119 0 R 120 0 R 121 0 R 122 0 R 123 0 R /Type /Group People can be cognitive misers over naive scientists but the attribution theory participants can and do use complex systems but only under certain conditions. /Producer /Parent 2 0 R Psychological tendency of people to think and solve problems in simple ways. 124 0 R 125 0 R 126 0 R 127 0 R 128 0 R 129 0 R 130 0 R 131 0 R 132 0 R 133 0 R [16][17][18] Heuristics can be defined as the "judgmental shortcuts that generally get us where we need to goand quicklybut at the cost of occasionally sending us off course. 0 333 0 500 0 444 500 444 500 444 >> The term stereotype is thus introduced: people have to reconstruct the complex situation on a simpler model before they can cope with it, and the simpler model can be regarded as stereotype. x[[Ggc%adp 3 t_hbdK _TwUt5vQ_Nw.{1_.;?nEM]0{?;a}|o/91m~?=>6Gc;xv;{x^(]G!=ig/ho#1na{quo|8Lg?b79?=|xCd]%ZtnrYHo/cauo~qeiL&'?Yv:woa =)Cnf;ZyK|HJ!C|XzfNbpyf`|*F >> -People are less likely to conform when at least one person states the correct answer. /StructParents 3 It is an important concept in social cognition theory and . Applying this framework to human thought processes, nave scientists seek the consistency and stability that comes from a coherent view of the world and need for environmental control. /S /Transparency What is situated social cognition? July 2015 . /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] 282 0 R 283 0 R 284 0 R 285 0 R] Barr . /StructParents 8 >> [18] However, in relying upon heuristics instead of detailed analysis, like the information processing employed by Heider's nave scientist, biased information processing is more likely to occur. Nave Scientist: need to form a coherent view of the world &to gain control over the environmentAttributions: need to attribute causes to effects and to create a meaningful, stable world where things makesense, clear, definable, predictable. << What is an internal versus an external attribution? [22], Samuel Popkin argues that voters make rational choices by using information shortcuts that they receive during campaigns, usually using something akin to a drunkard'ssearch. 5,000 & 8,000 \\ I use WIKI 2 every day and almost forgot how the original Wikipedia looks like. Describe the Robber's Cave Studies. /S /Transparency A practical example of cognitive misers' way of thinking in risk assessment of Deepwater Horizon explosion, is presented below. Distinguish between a durable consumer good and a nondurable consumer good. /ExtGState << In this sense people are strategic instead of passively choosing the most effortless shortcuts when they allocate their cognitive efforts, and therefore they can decide to be nave scientists or cognitive misers depending on their goals. endobj /S /Transparency /F4 24 0 R Hence, influence from external factors are unneglectable in shaping peoples stereotypes. . What is social loafing? Since cooperators offer to play more often, and fellow cooperators will also more often accept their offer, the researchers arrived at the consensus that cooperators would have a higher expected payoff compared with defectors when certain boundary conditions are met. 7,000 & 6,000 \\ /F3 23 0 R The elaboration likelihood model is a psychological theory that explains how perspectives are formed and changed through persuasion communication. Instead, Fiske, Taylor, and ArieW.Kruglanski and other social psychologists offer an alternative explanation of social cognition: the motivatedtactician. /Name /F3 Contrast the wage and salary share to the profit share in terms of relative size. >> Widely shared within cultures, but differ between cultures, Can be based on personal experience Resistant to change, We typically assume that physically attractive people are good, They are interesting, warm, outgoing, socially skilled, Halo effect: our overall impression of a person colours ourperception of that persons specific traits, Allow us to quickly make sense of person, situation, event or placeon basis of limited information, Guide our thoughts, feelings, and behaviours towards things, Less time consuming & less effortful, yield quick solutions, Sometimes inaccurate, misapplied, inadequate, Instances are assigned to categories or types on basis of overallsimilarity to the category, As a result, we sometimes ignore base-rate information, Tendency to seek out & attend to information that confirms onesbeliefs & ignore information that is inconsistent with ones beliefs, Beliefs/schemas become resilient this way. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 500 500 500 500 500 500 278 0 0 0 Stereotypes are formed from the outside sources which identified with people's own interests and can be reinforced since people could be impressed by those facts that fit their philosophy. /F2 22 0 R What role does motivation to be right or to feel good play? How does holistic thinking differ from analytical thinking? "[19] In their work, Kahneman and Tversky demonstrated that people rely upon different types of heuristics or mental short cuts in order to save time and mental energy. The implications of this theory raise important questions about both cognition and human behavior. >> >> Here is an example of how people's belief are formed under the dual process model in several steps: The reasoning process can be activated to help with the intuition when: Conflicts also exists in this dual-process. If you (or your child) are prone to any of these, you just might be a cognitive miser:. The cognitive miser . Cookie policy. To install click the Add extension button. naive scientist vs cognitive misercan low magnesium kill you. They argue that people start the process of impression formation by /Type /Group /ExtGState << /Group << Describe his findings. Aug 2016. This view holds that evolution makes the brain's allocation and use of cognitive resources extremely embarrassing. Since cooperators offer to play more often, and fellow cooperators will also more often accept their offer, the researchers arrived at the consensus that cooperators would have a higher expected payoff compared with defectors when certain boundary conditions are met. Pennycook . >> Popkin's analysis is based on one main premise: voters use low information rationality gained in their daily lives, through the media and through personal interactions, to evaluate candidates and facilitate electoral choices. Psychology concepts and studies for a level work, contains everything you will need to know for the exam or if you are doing a btech course pick up the key points and add your own examples, feel free to use this on whatever you need, best used for revision and advanced psychology work at university level, The availability heuristic is responsible for a bias known /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] >> /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding What assumptions underlie the research done by Social Psychologists. Everything you always wanted to know. -Culture: the traditions of a certain group of people 83 0 R 84 0 R 85 0 R 86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R 90 0 R] In 1987, a researcher named Oliver Sacks stu (Aronson, Wilson, and Akert, 2010) A schema is a category that is created about as our minds way of storing information. >> >> 343 0 R 344 0 R 345 0 R 346 0 R 347 0 R 348 0 R 349 0 R 350 0 R 351 0 R 352 0 R] [33] People apply a number of shortcuts or heuristics in making judgements about the likelihood of an event, because the rapid answers provided by heuristics are often right. How did Asch study conformity? Later models suggest that the cognitive miser and the nave scientist create two poles of social cognition that are too monolithic. -They would overbook places, give one group food that was better, etc. >> /Tabs /S -Fundamental attribution error: tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional influences (enduring characterisitcs like personality) on other people's behavior. The process of understanding what something is by knowing [32] Audiences' attitude change is closely connected with relabeling or re-framing the certain issue. 0 0 0 611 611 667 0 611 611 722 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 What is in-group bias? certain conditions. The hypothesis that perceivers usually rely on simple rules to make judgments and engage in careful, thoughtful processing only when necessary has been called the cognitive miser model of information processing (Fiske and Taylor, 1984). 111 0 R 112 0 R 113 0 R] You could also do it yourself at any point in time. -Ethic of social responsibility: being the target is frustrating << /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] Journalize Versailles Co.s entries to record the payment. -Fundamental attribution error: make dispositional attributions for others' behaviors, its the persons fault for what they did /Group << /Tabs /S /Subtype /TrueType /Font << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /Font << /StructParents 11 What is cognitive dissonance? /InlineShape /Sect [40] Kruglanski proposed that people are combination of nave scientists and cognitive misers: people are flexible social thinkers who choose between multiple cognitive strategies (i.e., speed/ease vs. accuracy/logic) based on their current goals, motives, and needs.[40]. c. Cognitive miser model d. Nave scientist model 6. >> 16 0 obj -Aggression: westerners feel angry to people they are close to or when they are mistreated, easterners opposite /Group << 10.3758/s13423-013-0384-5 . /CreationDate (D:20151205122909+07'00') /LastChar 32 >> Transcribed image text: Question 33 (Mandatory) (1 point) The perspective that our needs, values, or goals at a given time impact our categorization of other people is known as the view. >> For example, people tend to make correspondent reasoning and are likely to believe that behaviors should be correlated to or representative of stable characteristics. As cognitive simplification, it is useful for realistic economic management, otherwise people will be overwhelmed by the complexity of the real rationales. Discuss the validity of each statement. The motivated tactician approach The cognitive miser approach The nave scientist approach None of the above. >> 14 0 obj /Resources << -Affective or emotional component (fear, negative evaluations) System 1 always operates automatically, with our easiest shortcut but often with error. /Type /Group In other words, this theory suggests that humans are, in fact, both naive scientists and cognitive misers. Naive Scientist Trying to work out the cause and effect of things in our social world Cognitive Misers Trying to save time and effort to understand the social world Heuristics Mental shortcuts that reduce the complexity of judgement (More/Less) Time, Cognitive Load, Importance, Information and Emotions category based and other attribute based, on this continuum people can be perceived 17 0 obj /Dialogsheet /Part That's it. membership. Jonathan A. . [22] However, as Lau and Redlawsk note, acting as cognitive miser who employs heuristics can have very different results for high-information and low-informationvoters. Schemas can be useful because they allow us to take shortcuts when interpret Schemas are mental structures people use to organize knowledge about the social world around themes or subjects. -Door in the face: have someone respond negatively to a negative request, then positively to a smaller one Why has research focused on European-American prejudice against minority groups?
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