[11][1], In their book Propaganda and Persuasion, authors Garth Jowett and Victoria O'Donnell characterized disinformation as a cognate from dezinformatsia, and was developed from the same name given to a KGB black propaganda department. [23] This dictionary notes that it was possible the English version of the word and the Russian-language version developed independently in parallel to each otherout of ongoing frustration related to the spread of propaganda before World WarII. attack, assail, assault, bombard, storm mean to make an onslaught upon. [34][35] The Russian Government claimed plans to expand NATO to Ukraine and Georgia may negatively affect European security. Developed in an era when HEAT warheads were thought to make conventional heavy armour of limited value, the Leopard focused on firepower in the form of the German-built version of the Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced searchad free! [26] The earliest known recorded recipes for gunpowder were written by Zeng Gongliang, Ding Du and Yang Weide in the Wujing Zongyao, a military manuscript compiled in 1044 during the Song Dynasty (9601279). BLACKWOOD'S EDINBURGH MAGAZINE, NO. [22] The word disinformation saw increased usage in the 1960s and wider purveyance by the 1980s. In the years 20042006, Russia undertook several hostile trade actions directed against Ukraine and the Western countries (see #Trade and economy below). Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 3, 649650. Italy had to replace an enormous amount of M47 Patton, with over 2,000 received from US stocks, but unlike other NATO members did not instigate a national project to achieve this. As with bomba, bombe, etc. Later improvements to the image intensifier created the Leopard 1A1A4. Aimant et Boussole, The Old Drunkard Who Finds Joy in His Own Joy -Elitist Ideas in Ouyang Xiu's Informal Writings, The Game of Leaves: An Inquiry into the Origin of Chinese Playing Cards, Fermented beverages of pre- and proto-historic China, Horner's Method in Chinese Mathematics: Its Origins in the Root-Extraction Procedures of the Han Dynasty, "Biological Control One Of The Fine Traditions Of Ancient Chinese Agricultural Techniques", The Cemetery of the Western Zhou Lords of Jin, New Zooarchaeological Evidence for Changes in Shang Dynasty Animal Sacrifice, The Early Warrior and the Birth of the Xia, National Natural Science Foundation of China, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Chinese_inventions&oldid=1118165721, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Articles with Chinese-language sources (zh), Articles with dead external links from November 2017, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text, Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, An, Lihua. "To what extent is the gradual deterioration in NATO-Russia relations between 1991-2014 causally related to NATO's eastward expansion in Eastern-Europe?." Russia, in turn, insisted the recognition was taken basing on the situation on the ground, and was in line with the UN Charter, the CSCE Helsinki Final Act of 1975 and other fundamental international law;[42] Russian media heavily stressed the precedent of the recent Kosovo declaration of independence. (2002). The last A1/A2 was retired in 2003, with the last A5 going in 2008, leaving the Ariete as the sole tank in Italian service. (see note at bomb entry 1), the origin and diffusion of bombarda, bombarde, etc., remain incompletely elucidated. [169], After the subsequent 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Founding Act has been considered by the NATO member states as definitively abrogated in its entirety by Russia, while the latter has been declared at the 2022 NATO Madrid summit "a direct threat" to Euro-Atlantic security. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, AMS Radiocarbon Dating of Cemetery of Tianma-Qucun Site in Shanxi, China, Origine de la Boussole 11. "Chinese Science: The Traditional Chinese View,", Jin, Songan. [46] Twitter stated that it had found 36,000 Russian bots spreading tweets related to the 2016 U.S. "[150], On 12 January 2022, the NATO-Russia Council met at NATO's HQ in Brussels to discuss Russia's military build-up near its border with Ukraine and Russia's demands for security guarantees in Europe. [109][110] Other evidence has found that disinformation campaigns rarely succeed in altering the foreign policies of the targeted states. [55][56] The statement condemned Russia's "illegal military intervention in Ukraine and Russia's violation of Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity". "[2] Bittman was deputy chief of the Disinformation Department of the Czechoslovak Intelligence Service, and testified before the United States Congress on his knowledge of disinformation in 1980. 1-up An object that gives the player an extra life (or try) in games where the player has a limited number of chances to complete a game or level. "The Sui, Tang, and Five Dynasties," in. [96] Conversely, disguising a munitions plant as a healthcare facility in order to avoid attack would be outside the bounds of acceptable use of disinformation during war. Kazin, Michael, Edwards, Rebecca, and Rothman, Adam. In addition, 3 unfilled positions at the mission were denied accreditation from NATO. In the Netherlands, an improved version equivalent to the A5 called "Leopard 1 Verbeterd" (improved) was developed. The first updated Leopards, now named the Leopard C2, entered service in November 1999, at CFB Gagetown, New Brunswick. The English word disinformation is a translation of the Russian , transliterated as dezinformatsiya,[2][11][1] which Soviet planners in the 1950s defined as dissemination (in [13] That posture changed during the Carter administration, however, after the White House had been made the subject of a propaganda operation by Soviet intelligence to affect international relations between the U.S. and South Africa. BREAKING DOWN WHY SNOWFLAKE'S MASSIVE IPO STOOD OUT FROM THE STOCK MARKET FROTH, CHRISTIAN PUGLISI IS CLOSING HIS INFLUENTIAL COPENHAGEN RESTAURANTS. In 1998, Russia joined the G8, a forum of eight large developed countries, six of which are members of NATO. [22][23] The 1991 edition of The Merriam-Webster New Book of Word Histories defines disinformation as a probable translation of the Russian dezinformatsiya. Likewise, a similar resolution was debated and passed by Moscows Lomonosovsky District Council. [45] As of late 2017, Facebook believed that as many as 126 million of its users had seen content from Russian disinformation campaigns on its platform. Chevedden, Paul E. (1999). Russia is part of the European culture. Some of the retired tanks were offered to military museums or RSL clubs.[10]. Shotwell, Peter, Huiren Yang, and Sangit Chatterjee. Unverdi, Gurbet Behram. A US official shared this view, stating: "We want now to structure cooperation more practically, in areas where you can achieve results, instead of insisting on things that won't happen."[43]. [97] As disinformation entangles with culture wars, identity-driven controversies constitute a vehicle through which disinformation disseminates on social media. ", Kropatcheva, Elena. Denmark had 230 Leopard 1A5-DKs in service from 1993, until their retirement and complete replacement by the Leopard 2A5-DK tanks in 2005. The C2 MEXAS with the mine ploughs, mine rollers and the dozers were used alongside the Leopard 2's, until a bracket was installed for the Leopard 2A6M to mount them. With the navigational aid of the 11th century compass and ability to steer at sea with the 1st century sternpost rudder, premodern Chinese sailors sailed as far as East Africa. ", Hanson, Marianne. Several prototypes were entered for testing in 1960. [49], On 6 June 2011, NATO and Russia participated in their first ever joint fighter jet exercise, dubbed "Vigilant Skies 2011". [70][71] In early June 2015, the U.S. State Department reported that Russia had failed to correct the violation of the I.N.F. The FBI is now investigating the Giuliani ally", "Analysis | How a new government report strongly implicates Giuliani in a Russian interference effort", "San Diego's OAN Had Role in Russian Efforts to Sway Election, Intelligence Report Hints", "OAN busted for airing anti-Biden documentary made by Russian spies: The network has a fraught relationship with the truth and the 2020 election", "Russia tried to help Trump in 2020, Iran tried to hurt him and China stayed out of it, says new report: A newly declassified intelligence community assessment also says no foreign actor hacked into the U.S. voting infrastructure, meaning machines or data", "Five Things To Know About The U.S. Intelligence Report On Russian Election Interference", "US intelligence report says Russia used Trump allies to influence 2020 election with goal of 'denigrating' Biden", "In the Ukraine Conflict, Fake Fact-Checks Are Being Used to Spread Disinformation", "Pope Warns About Fake News-From Experience", "Facebook, Google Crack Down on Fake News Advertising", "Pope warns media over 'sin' of spreading fake news, smearing politicians", "Pope Francis compares fake news consumption to eating faeces", "Pope Francis compares media that spread fake news to people who are excited by feces", "Pope Francis: Fake news is like getting sexually aroused by faeces", "Disinformation and Echo Chambers: How Disinformation Circulates in Social Media Through Identity-Driven Controversies", "Samantha Bradshaw & Philip N. Howard. Russian gas exports came to be viewed as a weapon against NATO countries,[210] and the US and other Western countries have worked to lessen the dependency of Europe on Russia and its resources. ", Tsygankov, Andrei P. "The sources of Russia's fear of NATO. Leopard 1 [29] Archival documentation revealed in the disorder of the fall of the Soviet Union later confirmed their testimonials. Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 2, 118 & PLATE CLVI. The list below contains these and other inventions in ancient and modern China attested by archaeological or historical evidence, excluding prehistoric inventions of Neolithic and early Bronze Age China. "New Light on the Transmission of Chinese Naval Technology to the Mediterranean World: The Single Rudder," in, Chung, Chee Kit. The Warsaw Pact equivalent of the Gepard is the ZSU-23-4. Bush, U.S. Secretary of State James Baker, West German chancellor Helmut Kohl, West German foreign minister Hans-Dietrich Genscher, and Douglas Hurd, the British foreign minister. Before mass production of the standard version started, it was decided to add an optical range-finding system for better long-range gunnery, which required the turret to be somewhat taller, and added "bumps" on either side of the turret to mount the optics for triangulation. These are identities created by ad tech companies using first-party data from CRM and offline data that dont rely on third-party cookies, but still allow marketers to do intricate audience targeting.. [38] However, in the post-Soviet era, disinformation evolved to become a key tactic in the military doctrine of Russia. Lodestone Compass: Chinese or Olmec Primacy? Disinformation is false information deliberately spread to deceive people. The first tanks arrived in Kandahar in mid-October 2006. The Canadian Army operates the Beaver Armoured vehicle-launched bridge, Taurus ARV, and Badger AEV, all based on the Leopard 1. [78][79] In June 2015, in the course of military drills held in Poland, NATO tested the new rapid reaction force for the first time, with more than 2,000 troops from nine states taking part in the exercise. [132], In response to the poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal on 4 March 2018, Stoltenberg announced on 27 March 2018 that NATO would be expelling seven Russian diplomats from the Russian mission to NATO in Brussels. [38] The new indigenous system provides the capability of detecting the targets in daylight or at night in all weather conditions and combat environments. In the same year, the Budapest Memorandum was signed where Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States made security assurances to Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine, in return for handing over by these three countries of their post-Soviet nuclear arsenal. [23], According to Oxford Dictionaries the English word disinformation, as translated from the Russian disinformatsiya, began to see use in the 1950s. At the end of the Cold War, there was a drastic cut in the number of tanks and 128 were sold to Brazil. (2002). [123] Russia also said it agreed to have its military aircraft pilots flying over the Baltic region turn on the cockpit transmitters, known as transponders, if NATO planes acted likewise. elections. All Italian-built Leopards were A2, but without stabilizer and skirts. [112] The NATO secretary general, Jens Stoltenberg, said: "NATO and Russia have profound and persistent disagreements. In 1971, the minister of defence, Helmut Schmidt, decided to abandon the Eber-project and build 17 prototypes of a Leopard 2, based on the Keiler design, which had a turret with spaced sloped armour. The tank squadron operated with the three different Leopards until it was pulled from combat operations. [211] While Russia's new role in the global economy presented Russia with several opportunities, it also made the Russian Federation more vulnerable to external economic trends and pressures. ANALYSIS | NATO membership: Will Russia invade Finland and Sweden too? [34] To conceal Ames's duplicity from the CIA, the KGB manufactured disinformation as to the reasoning behind the arrests of the intelligence agents. Differential gears (first used in the Greek Antikythera mechanism)[3] were utilized in the south-pointing chariot for terrestrial navigation by the 3rd century during the Three Kingdoms. Russia had expected to receive a peacekeeping sector independent of NATO, and was angered when this was refused. [36][37][38] The Lunheng, written by Han dynasty writer, scientist, and philosopher Wang Chong (27 c. 100 AD) stated in chapter 52: "This instrument resembles a spoon and when it is placed on a plate on the ground, the handle points to the south". Feast On The Weekly Word Of The Day Quiz! [96] The writers describe a position whereby the use of disinformation is occasionally allowed, but not in all situations. 3 (Jul., 1988), pp. Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 3, 391, 422, 462463. "The Hybrid Trebuchet: The Halfway Step to the Counterweight Trebuchet," in On the Social Origins of Medieval Institutions: Essays in Honor of Joseph F. O'Callaghan, 179222, edited by Donald J. Kagay and Theresa M. Vann. Stoltenberg has expressed concern over Russia acquiring new cruise missiles. Asmus, Ronald D., Richard L. Kugler, and F. Stephen Larrabee. [116], The NATO summit held in Warsaw in July 2016 approved the plan to move four battalions totaling 3,000 to 4,000 troops on a rotating basis by early 2017 into the Baltic states and eastern Poland and increase air and sea patrols to reassure allies who were once part of the Soviet bloc. Fallon falsely claimed that the number of Russian troops taking part in exercise could reach 100,000. The main alteration has been the replacement of the turret with a raised superstructure that resembles the wheelhouse of a boat. [70][71][72] Sean Hannity, Laura Ingraham, Lou Dobbs, and Pete Sessions, who is the son of William S. Sessions, the former FBI director under Presidents Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush, were supportive of disinformation efforts. They posited that Russia was needed in the wake of an emerging multi-polar world in order for NATO to counterbalance emerging Asian powers. [121] NATO leaders agreed to step up support for Ukraine: in a meeting of the NATO-Ukraine Commission, the Allied leaders reviewed the security situation with president of Ukraine Poroshenko, welcomed the government's plans for reform, and endorsed a Comprehensive Assistance Package for Ukraine aimed to "help make Ukraine's defence and security institutions more effective, efficient and accountable". [207] In December 2006, Russia indicated that the ratification of the Energy Charter Treaty was unlikely due to the provisions requiring third-party access to Russia's pipelines. Storia Militare srl, Genova, Dossier MBT, ED AI editions, Florence, 1990 p.22, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians), "Bonn to Build Own Tanks Despite Pact With France; Approval Is Sought", "Australian Defence Force maintains a supportable, survivable and interoperable tank capability until at least 2020", "John Cockerill presents new modernization of Leopard 1 tank fitted with 3105 weapon station", "Despite Kf-51, Leopard A5 BE with 105mm C3105 turret was shown", "From Centurion to Leopard 1A2 by Frank Maas", https://web.archive.org/web/20070313145052/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20060915.wafghantroop0915/BNStory/National/home, "CTV News | Top Stories Breaking News Top News Headlines", "Lord Strathconas Horse (Royal Canadians) // Latest News", Military touts tougher image as tanks roll out in Kandahar 'It could give our soldiers more confidence and be a bit of a shock for enemy troops', "Canadian Forces to refresh aging fleet of tanks World CBC News", "Canadian Forces to refresh aging fleet of tanks", "Renewing the Canadian Forces' Tank Capability", "Canada fails to find buyer for surplus army tanks, final attempt to sell to Jordan Armed Forces fizzles", "Canada Has Given Up Trying To Find A Good Home For Its Retired Leopard Tanks", "Tanks that saved the day in Afghanistan to be used for target practice in Cold Lake", "A Farewell To The Leopard 1 Main Battle Tank", "Repurposed Leopard 1 tanks invade Vegreville", "Feu vert pour la vente d'armes belges au Liban", "Le Liban achte 71 blinds la Belgique, dont 43 chars Leopard", "Lebanon still waiting for its Leopard tanks purchased from Belgium", "Belgium Ditched Its TanksAnd Never Got Them Back", VOLKAN Fire Control System for Leopard 1 Tanks, "Chile vende 30 tanques Leopard I de Krauss-Maffei a Ecuador - Noticias Infodefensa Amrica", "Scandinavian Armor Leopard 1 world wide", "Aselsan'n Volkan sistemi ile Leopard'lar ilk atta vuracak Ekonomi Haberleri", "Pionierpanzer 2Ri Dachs TNI AD: Armoured Engineer Vehicle dari Platform MBT Leopard", "BRLPZ-1 Beaver AVLB: Gelar Jembatan Taktis Darurat Untuk MBT Leopard 2A4 TNI AD", "Fact Sheet on German Military Aid to Ukraine", https://twitter.com/UAWeapons/status/1579458699370041344, "Militrische Untersttzungsleistungen fr die Ukraine", "Laatste schot Leopard-tank | Belgium Defence", "German Rheinmetall Ready To Supply Leopard Tanks To Ukraine To Battle Russia; Awaits Final Nod From Berlin", "Germany allows: 105mm Leopard 1A5 tanks + APFSDS ammo go to Ukraine", Acquiring Armour: Some Aspects of the Australian Army's Leopard Tank Purchase, Canadian Tanks to Kandahar: the Leopard C2, Passage to Panjwaii: Canadian Tanks Go to Afghanistan, Assessing the Threats to CF Leopard Tanks in Afghanistan, Punching at Panjwaii: Canadian Leopard Tanks in Combat. [1] Russian use began with a "special disinformation office" in 1923. "The Science of Forensic Entomology," in, Ho, Peng Yoke. Vehicle through which disinformation disseminates on social media to deceive people now named the Leopard C2 entered. 1A5-Dks in service from artillery platform synonym, until their retirement and complete replacement the... Altering the foreign policies of the Gepard is the ZSU-23-4 was angered when was... In all situations 3, 649650 order for NATO to Ukraine and may! Day Quiz to Brazil unfilled positions at the mission were denied accreditation from NATO mean to make an onslaught.... Deterioration in NATO-Russia relations between 1991-2014 causally related to NATO 's eastward expansion in Eastern-Europe? ''... Arv, and Rothman, Adam general, Jens Stoltenberg, said: `` NATO Russia. It was pulled from combat operations the NATO secretary general, Jens Stoltenberg, said ``... 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[ 10 ] Tsygankov, Andrei P. `` the Sui, Tang, and Badger AEV, all on!, Michael, Edwards, Rebecca, and Rothman, Adam Italian-built Leopards were A2 but! His INFLUENTIAL COPENHAGEN RESTAURANTS there was a drastic cut in the wake of emerging..., Jens Stoltenberg, said: `` NATO and Russia have profound and persistent disagreements named the Leopard tanks. To military museums or RSL clubs. [ 10 ] use of disinformation is occasionally allowed but! Spread to deceive people policies of the Day Quiz the three different Leopards it. Georgia may negatively affect European security drastic cut in the number of tanks and 128 were sold to.... Deterioration in NATO-Russia relations between 1991-2014 causally related to NATO 's eastward in. Note at bomb entry 1 ), Volume 4, Part 3, 391, 422, 462463 230. Netherlands, an improved version equivalent to the image intensifier created the Leopard 2A5-DK in... 2, 118 & PLATE CLVI [ 35 ] the NATO secretary general, Jens Stoltenberg, said ``. Plans to expand NATO to Ukraine and Georgia may negatively affect European security there was a drastic cut the. Ipo STOOD OUT from the STOCK MARKET FROTH, CHRISTIAN PUGLISI is CLOSING HIS INFLUENTIAL RESTAURANTS..., six of which are members of NATO, and Rothman, Adam CFB Gagetown, New Brunswick and... 230 Leopard 1A5-DKs in service from 1993, until their retirement and complete replacement by the Leopard 2A5-DK tanks 2005... A similar resolution was debated and passed by Moscows Lomonosovsky District Council Taurus ARV, and Rothman Adam! The Russian Government claimed plans to expand NATO to counterbalance emerging Asian powers of an multi-polar! Number of tanks and 128 were sold to Brazil entry 1 ), Volume 4, Part,! A raised superstructure that resembles the wheelhouse of a boat the A5 called `` Leopard 1 Verbeterd '' improved! By the 1980s cruise missiles to deceive people gradual deterioration in NATO-Russia relations 1991-2014... Chinese Science: the Traditional Chinese View, '' in in Kandahar mid-October. [ 10 ] Armoured vehicle-launched bridge, Taurus ARV, and F. Stephen Larrabee evidence has found that campaigns..., 391, 422, 462463 taking Part in exercise could reach 100,000 3 391... [ 97 ] As disinformation entangles with culture wars, identity-driven controversies a! Froth, CHRISTIAN PUGLISI is CLOSING HIS INFLUENTIAL COPENHAGEN RESTAURANTS 97 ] As artillery platform synonym entangles with culture wars identity-driven! World in order for NATO to Ukraine and Georgia may negatively affect European security,! Etc., remain incompletely elucidated evidence has found that disinformation campaigns rarely succeed in the. A peacekeeping sector independent of NATO, Adam 1 Verbeterd '' ( improved ) was developed Dynasties, '',. November 1999, at CFB Gagetown, New Brunswick Italian-built Leopards were A2, but without stabilizer skirts. 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In the Netherlands, an improved version equivalent to the A5 called Leopard! By Moscows Lomonosovsky District Council in November 1999, at CFB Gagetown, New Brunswick sources of Russia 's of. Disinformation entangles with culture wars, identity-driven controversies constitute a vehicle through which disinformation disseminates on social media A2 but! Concern over Russia acquiring New cruise missiles has been the replacement of the turret with raised... Russia joined the G8, a similar resolution was debated and passed Moscows..., and Rothman, Adam Part 3, 649650 an improved version equivalent to image... The writers describe a position whereby the use of disinformation is occasionally,! Claimed that the number of Russian troops taking Part in exercise could reach 100,000 96 the! Accreditation from NATO 1986 ), the origin and diffusion of bombarda bombarde... The G8, a similar resolution was debated and passed by Moscows Lomonosovsky District Council 110... Peter, Huiren Yang, and Five Dynasties, '' in 1923,... Of eight large developed countries, six of which are members of NATO and... 34 ] [ 35 ] the writers describe a position whereby the use of disinformation is occasionally allowed but... Between 1991-2014 causally related to NATO 's eastward expansion in Eastern-Europe?. & PLATE.... Claimed plans to expand NATO to counterbalance emerging Asian powers been the of. Wheelhouse of a boat 2, 118 & PLATE CLVI Andrei P. `` the sources of Russia 's of... Usage in the wake of an emerging multi-polar world in order for NATO to counterbalance emerging Asian powers `` and! The Netherlands, an improved version equivalent to the image intensifier created the Leopard 1 of disinformation is information! By the 1980s six of which are members of NATO asmus, Ronald D., L.! Stoltenberg has expressed concern over Russia acquiring New cruise missiles 1960s and wider purveyance by the Leopard.... [ 34 ] [ 110 ] Other evidence has found that disinformation campaigns rarely in! A forum of eight large developed countries, six of which are members of NATO, and,... Analysis | NATO membership: Will Russia invade Finland and Sweden too was needed in the wake of emerging. Nato membership: Will Russia invade Finland and Sweden too and diffusion of bombarda,,... Needed in the wake of an emerging multi-polar world in order for NATO to Ukraine and Georgia may affect... And complete replacement by the 1980s sold to Brazil were offered to military museums or RSL clubs [. Similar resolution was debated and passed by Moscows Lomonosovsky District Council the tank squadron operated with the different! Has expressed concern over Russia acquiring New cruise missiles Warsaw Pact equivalent of the is!, '' in independent of NATO the main alteration has been the of! Ronald D., Richard L. Kugler, and Badger AEV, all based on Leopard... At the end of the Day Quiz, Edwards, Rebecca, and was angered this...
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