CHAPTER 4 T e Motor and Somatosensory Pathways and Approach to Weakness and Sensory Loss 37. the somatosensory cortex in the postcentral . Hallo Bestemming kiezen Alle NL. Aaron L. Berkowitz, MD, PhD . alexia, 253, 254f-255f anosognosia,255-256 aphasia, 251, 252t with impaired repetition, 252-253, 252t, 253f with intact repetition, 252t, 253 apraxia, 256 dysarthria, 251 Gerstmann's syndrome, 256 Lateral, St Lateral aperture (foramen of Luschka), 150 Lateral cerebral fissure (Sylvian fissure), 131 Lateral corticospinal tract, 50, 52t Lateral gaze centers, 105 Lateral geniculate body, 202 Lateral gcniculate nucleus, 120 Lateral hypothalamic area, 121 Lateral lemnisci, 211 Lateral longitudinal striae, 232 Lateral medulla, 35 Lateral medullary syndrome (Wallenberg's syndrome), 87- 88, 89f, 285, 286{ Lateral motor neuron column, 49 Lateral olfactory stria, 226 Lateral recess, 149 Lateral scout view" (CT), 266 Lateral spinothalarnic tract, 53 Lateral tegmental nuclei, 30 Lateral ventricles, 149, 15lf Lateral vestibulospinal tract, 50 Learning and memory, 234, 256, 257f Lemniscal decussation, 53 Lemniscal system, 191 ventrolatcral system, differences from, l 93t Lemnisci, 11 Lenticular fasciculus, 180 Lenticular nucleus, 143- 144 Lentiform nucleus, 122 Leptomeninges, 65 Lesions identifying, 38-39 time course of the illness, 38f, 39 locating, 36-38, 281-282 localization of the vascular lesion in stroke syndromes, 173, 173f, 174t processes causing neurologic disease, 36-37, 36f Index rostrocaudal localization, 37-38, 37f transverse localization, 38 of motor system, clinical signs of, 185t nature of, 282-283 in spinal cord motor pathways, 59-61, 6lt disorders of muscle or neuromuscular endings, 60 localization of spinal cord lesions, 60 lower-motor-neuron lesions, 59-60, 6lf types of spinal cord lesions, 60-61, 6lt. You'll learn everything you need to know . AbeBooks.com: Clinical Neuroanatomy 27/E (Lange Medical Book) (9780071797979) by Waxman, Stephen G. and a great selection of similar New, Used and Collectible Books available now at great prices. The most likely diagnosis is 1. a stroke 2. a tumor 3. in the left cerebellar hemisphere 4. in the right cerebellar hemisphere Sedion V: Chapters 13 through 21 In the following questions, select the single best answer. Appendix B: Testing Muscle Function A 54-year-old accountant, who worked until the day of his illness, was found on the floor, with a right hemiparesis (arm and face more severely affected than the leg) and severe aphasia. 1. 1. See Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) CT (computed tomography), 262-264, 266f spine and spinal cord, 72, 73f Cuneate fasciculus, SO Cuneate nuclei, 53 Cuneocerebellar tract, 54, 82, 92t Cuneus, 135 Cupula, 217 Cytoarchitecture, 137 Cytoskeleton, 8 D DA (dopamine), 30 actions, 27t areas of concentration, 26t DAG (diacylglycerol), 26 Dark adaptation, 198 Deafness, 213 Decerebrate rigidity, 184 Decussation and crossed representation, 4 Deep sensation, 191 Deep tendon reflexes, 57 Defensive reactions regulatory mechanisms, 128t Deficiencies, 282 Degenerative diseases, 283 of the arteries (brain), 170 D~a vu, 2S6 Delta activity, 272 Demyelinating diseases, 283 Demyelination, 24 Dendrites, 7, lOf Dendritic spines, 7 Dendritic zone, 7 Dendrodendritic synapses, lOt Denervation hypersensitivity, 2SO Dentate gyrus, 225, 226t, 227 Dentate ligament, 6S Dentatorubrothalamocortical pathway, 93 Depolarize, 21 Depth electrography, 271 Dermatomes, 47, 48f Descend, 4 Descending and ascending tracts, 78 Descending autonomic system, Sl, S2t pathways, 80 Descending fiber S}'litems, 50-51, 52t corticospinal tract, 50, Slf, S2t descending autonomic system, S l medial longitudinal fasciculus, S l reticulospinal system, SO-Sl rubrospinal tract, SO tectospinal tract, 51 vestibulospinal tracts, 50 Descending spinal tract ofV, 82, 86 Descending tracts in the medulla, 82 Desynchronization, 271 Diabetes insipidus, 124-126 Diaphragmasellae, 1S2 Diencephalon: Thalamus and hypothalamus, 1, 119-129, 120f circumventricular organs, 128, 129f epithalamus, 127-128 clinical correlations, 129 habenular trigone, 127 pineal body, 127-128 hypothalamus, 121-12S afferentconnections, 122-123,12St clinical correlations, 122, 126 efferent connections, 123-124, 124f, 126f-127f functions, 124-126,128f landmarks, 121, 122f-123f medial hypothalamic nuclei, 121-122 lesions, 282 overview, 119, 120f subthalamus, 126 clinical correlations, 129 fiber connections, 126 landmarks, 126 thalamus, 119-121 functional divisions, 120-121 landmarks, 119, 120f thalamic nuclei, 119-120, 119t, 121f-122f thalamic white matter, 119 Diffusion-weighted imaging, 268, 268f Digital subtraction angiogram, 26Sf Dilation (mydriasis), 106 Diminished or absent deep tendon reflexes, 60 Diplegia, 186 Diploic veins, 16S Diplopia (double vision), 107, 107t Disconnection syndromes, 34 Dissociated anesthesia, 62 Divergence, 59 Dopamine (DA), 30 actions, 27t areas of concentration, 26t Dopaminergic pathway, 80 Dorsal, Sf, St Dorsal column nuclei, 53 Dorsal column tracts, S2-53, 53f-54f Dorsal gray column, 48 Dorsal motor nucleus, 113 Dorsal motor nucleus of X, 82 Index Dorsal nucleus (Clarke's colwnn), 49 Dorsal pons syndrome, 90 Dorsal roots, 46, 48t Dorsal root (spinal) ganglion, 44 Dorsal {sensory) roots, 5 Dorsal spinocerebellar tract, 82, 92t Dorsolateral fasciculus (Lissauer's tract), 48, 53 Dorsolateral nucleus, 119 Dorsomedial nucleus, 121 Dorswn sellae, 158 Duchenne's muscular dystrophy, 39 Dura, 150-152, 15lf Dura mater, 65 Dynamic response, 57 Dysarthria, 251 Dysdiadochokinesis (adiadochokinesis), 94, 188 Dyskinesia, 186 Dysmetria, 94, 188 Dystrophies, 281 E Eating, 124 Edinger-Westphal nucleus, 106, 203, 204f, 240 Effector, 56 Efferent connections, hypothalamus, 123-124, 124f, 126f-127f Efferent fibers, 5 Efferent neuron, 54 Efferents from the cerebellum, 93-94 Electrical (electronic) synapses, 10-11, 23 Electrodiagnostic tests, 271-278 electroencephalography, 271-272 clinical applications, 271 physiology, 271 technique, 271, 272f types of waveforms, 271-272, 273f electromyography,274,276-277 clinical applications, 274 physiology, 274 repetitive stimulation, 277 single-fiber EMG, 27 technique,274,276f types of activity, 276-277 evoked potentials, 272-274 brain stem auditory evoked response (BAER). An engagingly written text that bridges the gap between neuroanatomy and clinical neurology"A wonderfully readable, concise, but by no means superficial book that fits well in the current pedagogic environment."From the Foreword by Allan H. Ropper, MDClinical Neurology and Neuroanatomy delivers a clear, logical discussion of the complex relationship between neuroanatomical structure and . In Part 1, clinically relevant neuroanatomy is presented in clinical context in order to provide a framework for neurologic localization and differential diagnosis. In a patient with hemiparkinsonism (unilateral Parkinson's disease) affecting the right arm, a lesion is most likely in the A. right subthalamic nucleus B. left subthalamic nucleus C. right substantia nigra D. left substantia nigra E. right globus pallidus F. left globus pallidus 10. The Vestibular System INTRODUCTION TO CLINICALTHINKING 228 Alveus,229 Amacrine cella. If the oculomotor nerve (III) is sectioned, each of the following may result except for A. partial ptosis B. abduction of the eyeball c. D. E. dilation of the pupil impairment of lacrimal secretion paralysis of the ciliary muscle 5. A 55-year-old patient presented with an 8-month history of gradually progressive incoordination in the right arm and leg. Clinical Neuroanatomy, 28e | AccessMedicine | McGraw Hill Medical The principal neurotransmitter(s) released by synaptic terminals of sympathetic axons is/are I. epinephrine 2. norepinephrine 3. acetylcholine 4. gamma-arninobutyric acid 13. A ganglion is defined as a 1. part of the basal ganglia 2. group of nerve cell bodies within the hypothalamus 3. layer of similar cells in the cerebral cortex 4. group of nerve cell bodies outside the neuraxis 19. See Reflexes spinal roots and nerves, 44-48, 45f-46f branches of typical spinal nerves, 46-47 dermatomes, 47, 48f direction of roots, 46 dorsal roots, 46, 48t myotomes, 47-48, 48f types of nerve fibers, 47 ventral roots, 46, 47f traumatic lesion of, 284 vertebral column and meninges surrounding. The diseases mentioned in localization-based discussions of differential diagnosis in Part 1 are then discussed in clinical detail with respect to their diagnosis and management in . 13. A 10. The efferent axons of the cerebellar cortex arise from A. Golgi cells B. vestigial nucleus cells c. granule cells D. Purkinje cells E. pyramidal cells 7. Lange Clinical Neurology and Neuroanatomy: A Localization-Based Approach by Aaron L. Berkowitz Synopsis An engagingly written text that bridges the gap between neuroanatomy and clinical neurology A Doody's Core Title for 2021! Read Book Clinical Neuroanatomy 26th Edition By Stephen G Waxman Copy B 11. Clinical Neuroanatomy, 26th Edition - Google Books Examination showed decreased visual acuity in the left eye, nystagmus, loss of vibratory sensation and position sense at the toes and knees bilaterally, and hyperactive deep tendon reflexes with a Babinski reflex on the right Three years later, the man was admitted to the hospital with dysarthria, intention tremor of the left arm, and urinary incontinence. In Part 1, clinically relevant neuroanatomy is presented in clinical context in order to provide a framework for neurologic localization and differential diagnosis. 197 Ambiguus nucleua, 82, 111, 112f Amman's horn (hlppocampua), 225, 228 AMPA type of glutamate receptor, 29 Ampulla, 217 Amygdala, 122, 226, 226t, 232, 233f-234f Amygdalofugal pathway, 232 Amygdaloid nuclear complex, 232 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 34, 186, 284 Analgesia, 192 Anastomotic veim, 166 Anatomic le1ions, 33 Aneurymu. Lange Clinical Neurology and Neuroanatomy: A Localization-Based Brodmann's area 4 corresponds to the A. primary motor cortex B. premotor cortex C. Broca's area D. primary sensory cortex E. striate cortex 12. D 8. c 9. See Nervous system, signaling in Signs, definition of, 33 Simple reflex arc, 54, 56 Single-fiber EMG, 27 Single photon emission CT (SPECT), 269f, 270 Sinocerebellum, 188 Sinuvertebral nerves, 47 Skin, sensations from afferents in, 194, 194f Skull, 156-161,282 basal view, 1S6 clinical correlations, 159 interior of, 156-161, 157f-160f, 158t trauma, 159 ventricles and coverings of the brain, 1S6-161 basal view, 156 clinical correlations, 159 interior of the skull, 156-161, 1S7f-160f, 158t x-rays, 261 Sleep, 222-223 clinical correlations, 223 hypersomnia and apnea, 223 narcolepsy, 223 periodicity, 222 stages of, 222-223 rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, 222 slow-wave (spindle) sleep, 222 Slowly progressive dysfunction, 39 Small-fi.ber neuropathy, 24 Smooth pursuit, lOS Solitary nucleus, 82 Solitary tract, 82 Soma, 7 Somatesthetic area, 142 Somatic afferent fi.bers, 47, 99 Somatic efferent fibers, 47, 99 Somatic nervous system, 1 autonomic (visceral) nervous system (ANS), 1 Somatosensory cortex, 53 Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs), 274 Somatosensory systems, 191-196 connections, 191, 192f-193f clinical correlations, 192 first-order neurons, 191 second-order neurons, 191 third-order neurons, 191 cortical somatosensory areas, 192 overview, 191 pain, 192-196 descending systems and, 195, 196f pain matrix, 194, 194f pain systems, 192-194 pathways, 192 referred pain, 194-195, 194f receptors, 191, 192f somatosensory pathways, 191, 193t Somatostatin, 247 Somatotopic distribution, 53, 191 Spasticity, 59 Spastic paralysis or paresis, 60 Special senses, 191 Special sensory fibers, 102 364 Index Special sensory (SS) nuclei, 80 Special visceral efferent fi.bers, 99 Special visceral efferents (SVE), 80 Specific, goal-directed movements, 179 SPECT (single photon emission CT), 269f, 270 Speech and language, 251-256, 252f agnosia, 254-255, 255f alexia, 253, 254f-255f anosognosia, 255-256 aphasia, 251, 252t with impaired repetition, 252-253, 252t, 253f with intact repetition, 252t, 253 apraxi.a, 256 dysarthria, 251 Gerstmann's syndrome, 256 Sphenopalatine (pterygopalatine) ganglion, 243 Sphenoparietal sinuses, 167 Splices, 272 Spina bifida, 70 Spinal cord, 1, 2f, 3t, 43-64, 245, 245f-246f arteries of, 66-67, 68f compression, 62, 62t development, 43, 44f differentiation, 43 disorders, 62-64 Brown-Sequard syndrome, 63, 63f spinal cord compression, 62, 62t spinal shock, 63 subacute combined degeneration (posterolateral sclerosis), 63 syringomyelia, 62, 63f tabes dorsalis, 63 external anatomy, 43-44, 45f enlargements, 43, 45f longitudinal divisions, 44 segments, 43-44, 45f, 46t imaging. Diencephalon B 23. The lesion most likely involves the A. lateral columns of the spinal cord, bilaterally B. inferior cerebellar peduncles, bilaterally C. dorsal columns of the spinal cord, bilaterally D. spinothalamic tracts, bilaterally E. corticospinal tracts In the following questions, one or more answers may be correct Select A if I, 2, and 3 are correct B if 1 and 3 are correct C if 2 and 4 are correct D if only 4 is correct E if all are correct 341 9. Examination revealed that he could write normally but could not read. Since many of us learn and remember better when material is presented visually, this acclaimed resource includes not only clinical material such as brain scans and pathological specimens, but also hundreds of diagrams and tables that are designed to be clear and memorable. See also Cerebral hemispheres/ telencephalon Temperature regulation, 128t Temporal gyri, 135 Temporal lobe, 135 Temporal lobe epilepsy, 235, 257 Temporal sulci, 135 Tendon reflexes, 57 Tensor tympani, 211, 244 Tensor veli palatini, 244 Tentorium cerebelli, 151 Tests, electrodiagnostic, 271-278 electroencephalography, 271-272 clinical applications, 271 physiology, 271 technique, 271, 272f types of waveforms, 271-272, 273f electromyography, 274, 276-277 clinical applications, 274 physiology, 274 repetitive stimulation, 277 single-fiber EMG, 27 technique,274,276f types of activity, 276-277 evoked potentials, 272-274 brain stem auditory evoked response (BAER), 272, 274, 275f somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs), 274 visual evoked potentials (VEPs), 272 nerve conduction studies, 277-278 H-retlexes and F-wave, 278 overview, 271 transcranial motor cortical stimulation, 274 Tetraplegia, 186 Thalamic fasciculus, 126, 144 Thalamic pain, 122 Thalamic radiations, 119 Thalamic syndrome, 122 Thalamostriate vein, 165 Thalamus, 53, 119-121, 174 366 Index Thalamus (continued) functional divisions, 120-121 landmarks, 119, 120f thalamic nuclei, 119-120, 119t, 12lf-122f thalamic white matter, 119 Theta rhythms, 272 Third-order neurons, 191 Third ventricle, 149 Thirst, 128t Thoracic nerves, 244 Thoracic segments, 43 Thoracolumbar division, 237 Threshold, 21 Thrombosis, 170 Thyroid-stimulating hormone, 128t TIAs (transient ischemic attacks), 39 Tic douloureux (trigeminal neuralgia), 110, 287 Tight junctions, 13 Tinnitus, 213 Tongue, sensory innervation of, 113 Tonotopia, 212 Tonotopical organization, 211 Toxic disorders, 282 Toxoplasma gondii, 289 Tracts and commissures, 4, 50 Tractus proprius, 246 Transcranial motor cortical stimulation, 274 Transducin, 197 Transient cerebral ischemia, 169, 173 Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), 39 Transmitter substances, 247-250 functions,247,248t-249t,249f receptors, 247-249, 248t-249t, 249f sensitization, 250 types, 247 Transporter molecules, 11 Transtentorial herniation, 152 Transverse localization, 38 Transverse processes, 68 Transverse sinuses, 160, 167 Transverse temporal gyrus, 135 Trapezoid body, 211 Trauma,282 Traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage, 266f Trigeminal ganglion, 167 Trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V), 86, 108-110, 108f-109f, 109t Trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureux), 110, 287 Trigeminal system, 85f, 86 Trigger zone, 8 Trigone, 149 Trochlear nerve (cranial nerve IV), 104, 104f, 167 paralysis, 107 Trochlear nucleus, 87 Truncal ataxia, 188 Trunk ganglia, 237 Tuberal portion, 121 Tuber cinereum, 121, 122f Tuberculous meningitis, 289-290, 290f Tubercululm sellae, 158 Tuberohypophyseal tract, 123 Tumors, 213, 282-283, 283f-284f, 294, 294f brain, according to age and site, 289t cerebellum, 94 involving spinal cord, 186 pineal region, 88 Tuning fork tests, 214 Tympanic membrane, 211 u U fibers, 136 Umbilicus, 47 Uncal herniation, 107 Uncinate fasciculus, 136 Uncus, 135 Unilateral neglect, 255 Upper lumbar nerves, 244 Upper motor neurons, 186 Utricle, 217 v Vagus nerve (cranial nerve X), 113-llS, 114f, 240, 244 Vascular disorders, 282 Vascular-endothelial barrier, 154-155 Vascular lesions, 36 Vascular malformations and developmental abnormalities, 170, 17S Vascular supply of the brain, 163-178 arterial supply, 163-164 carotid territory, 163-164 cerebral blood flow and autoregulation, 164 characteristics of cerebral arteries, 163 circle of Willis, 163 cortical supply, 164, 167f-168f principal arteries, 163, 164f vertebrobasilar territory, 163, 164f-166f cerebrovascular disorders, 167-178 atherosclerosis of the brain, 172, 173f AVMs and shunts, 176-177 cerebral embolism, 172-173 classification, 169-170, l 7lt epidural hemorrhage, 176, 176f hemorrhagic cerebrovascular disease: hypertensive hemorrhage, 174, 174f ischemic cerebrovascular disease, 167, 169 localization of the vascular lesion in stroke syndromes, 173, 173f, 174t occlusive cerebrovascular disease, 170, 172, l 72f subarachnoid hemorrhage, 175, 175f subdural hemorrhage, 176, 176f time matters, 178 transient cerebral ischemia, 173 overview, 163 venous drainage, 16S-167 cortical veins, 166, 168f internal drainage, 16S-166 types of channels, 165, 168f-169f venous sinuses, 167, 172f Vasculature, compromise of, 36 Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), 247 Vasopressin, 123, 128t Venous sinuses, 165 Ventral, Sf, St Ventral (anterior) gray column, 48 Index Ventral (anterior) hom, 48 Ventral anterior nucleus, 119 Ventral lateral nucleus, 119 Ventral (motor) roots, 5 Ventral posterior group, 119 Ventral posterolateral thalamic nuclei, 53 Ventral posterolateral (VPL) nucleus, 119 Ventral posteromedial (VPM) nucleus, 119 Ventral roots, 46, 47f Ventral spinocerebellar pathway, 82 Ventral spinocerebellar tract, 92t Ventral tegmental area, 30 Ventricles and coverings of the brain, 149-161 barriers in the nervous system, 154-156 blood-brain barrier, 154-155 blood-nerve barrier, 156 ependyina, 156, 156f cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), 152-154 circulation, 153-154, 154f clinical correlations, 152, 153f composition and volume, 153, 153t function, 152 pressure, 153, 153f meninges and submeningeal spaces, 150-152 arachnoid, 152, 152f dura, 150-152, 151f pia, 152 skull, 156-161 basal view, 156 clinical correlations, 159 interior of the skull, 156-161, 157f-160f, 158t ventricular system, 149-150, 150f cerebral aqueduct 149 choroid plexus, 149, 150f-151f fourth ventricle, 149-150 lateral ventricles, 149, 151f third ventricle, 149 Ventricular pathways, compromise of, 36 Ventricular zone, 7 Ventrolateral system, 53, 191 and lemniscal system, differences from, 193t Ventromedial nuclei, 121, 122 VEPs (visual evoked potentials), 272 Vergence, 105 Vergence center, 105 Vermis, 89, 91f Vertebral arteries, 163 Vertebral column and meninges surrounding the spinal cord, 65-75 clinical correlations, 70 herniated nucleus pulposus, 70 meningocele, 70 meningomyelocele, 70 ruptured (herniated) disk, 70 sciatica, 70 spina bifida, 70 imaging of spine and spinal cord, 71-74 computed tomography (CT), 72, 73f magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 73, 73f-74f plain X-rays, 71, 72f investing membranes (meninges), 65, 66f-67f arachnoid mater, 65 clinical correlations, 66 dentate ligament, 65 dura mater, 65 investment of spinal nerves, 65 pia mater, 65 spinal nerves, 65 lumbar puncture, 69-71 complications, 70-71 site, 69, 71f technique, 69-70 overview, 65 spinal cord circulation, 66-67 arteries, 66-67, 68f veins, 67 vertebral column, 67-69, 69f vertebrae,68-69, 70f Vertebrobasilar artery disease, 173 Vertebrobasilar territory, 163, 164f-166f Vertibular nuclei, 82 Vertical gaze palsy, 88 Vertigo, 219 Vesalius, foramen of, 158 Vestibular ataxia, 219 Vestibular ganglion, 102, 103t, 217 Vestibular nuclei, 217 Vestibular system, 217-220 anatomy,217,217f clinical correlations, 219 functions,217-218,217f-218f overview, 217 vestibular pathways, 217f-218f Vestibulocerebellar tract, 92t Vestibulocerebellum, 188 Vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII), 111, lllf, 213f vestibular component of, 217 Vestibulo-ocular reflex, 105, 218 Vestibulospinal tract, 50, 52t, 184, 217 Vicq d'Azyr, tract of, 123 VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide), 247 Virchow-Robin's space, 159 Viscera, nociceptors in, 194, 194f Visceral afferent fibers, 47, 99 Visceral afferent pathways, 244-245, 244t pathways to brainstem, 244-245, 245f pathways to spinal cord, 244 Visceral efferent fibers, 47, 99 Visceral sensations, 191 Visual adaptation, 198-199 Visual agnosia, 254 Visual association areas, 141 Visual association cortex, 205-206 Visual evoked potentials (VEPs), 272 Visual pathways, 204f Visual system, 197-210 clinical correlations, 202 eye. B 9. The cerebrum consists of the A. thalamus and basal ganglia B. telencephalon and midbrain C. telencephalon and diencephalon D. brain stem and prosencephalon E. cerebellum and prosencephalon 6. The solitary nucleus 1. serves visceral functions, none of which are consciously perceived 2. gives rise to preganglionic parasympathetic axons 3. mediates pain arising from the heart during myocardial ischemia 4. receives axons running with nerve VII 23. 272, 274, 275f somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs), 274 visual evoked potentials (VEPs), 272 nerve conduction studies, 277-278 H-re:llexes and F-wave, 278 overview, 271 transcranial motor cortical stimulation, 274 Embolic infarction, 296 Embolus, 170 Emissary veins, 167 Emmetropia, 200, 20lf Emotion, expression of, 125 Encephalitis, 294 Endoneurium, 156 Endorphins, 31 Enkephalins, 31 Enteric nervous system, 237, 247 Entorhinal cortex, 102, 226, 228 Ependytna, 7, 156, 156f Ependytnoma,295,295f Epidural hemorrhage, 176, 176f, 290, 291f Epidural space, 65 Epilepsy, 256-259, 272 complex partial epilepsy, 257 focal (Jacksonian) epilepsy, 257, 258f Epinephrine (adrenaline), 30 Epineuriwn, 156 Epithalamus, 127-128 clinical correlations, 129 habenulartrigone,127 pineal body, 127-128 Equilibrium, 218 Equilibrium potential, 19 Evoked potentials, 272-274 brain stem auditory evoked response (BAER), 272, 274, 275f somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs), 274 visual evoked potentials (VEPs). 9. 18. A 22. c 23. Written in a clear, concise style, this unique text offers a concise overview of fundamental neuroanatomy and the clinical localization principles necessary to diagnose and . A 24. c 25. c 11. See Vertebral column and meninges surrounding the spinal cord visceral afferent pathways to, 244 Spinal muscular atrophy, 186 Spinal nerves and cranial nerves, differences between, 80 Spinal nucleus ofV, 82, 109 Spinal reflexes, 56-59, 56f alpha motor neurons, 58 clinical correlations, 58-59 gamma motor neurons, 58, 59f Golgi tendon organs, 58 muscle spindles, 57-58, 59f polysynaptic reflexes, 59, 60f Renshaw cells, 58 stretch reflexes and their anatomic substrates, 56f, 57 Spinal shock, 63 Spinal tap, 279 Spinal tract ofV, 109 Spine and spinal cord, imaging, 71-74 computed tomography (CT), 72, 73f magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 73, 73f-74f plain X-rays, 71, 72f Spinocerebellar tracts, 54, 56f Spinoreticular pathway, 54 Spinoreticular tract, 82 Spinoreticulothalamic system, 194 Spinothalamic tracts, 53-54, 55f, 82, 194 Spiral ganglion, 103t, 211 Splanchnic nerves, 237 Splenium, 131 SS (special sensory) nuclei, 80 Stapedius, 211 Stapes, 211 Static labyrinth, 217 Static response, 57 Stellate cells, 92, 92t, 93f Stellate neurons, 136 Stereotypic repetitious movements, 179 Strabismus (squint), 107, 107t Straight gyrus (gyrus rectus), 135 Straight sinus, 165 Stretch reflexes, 56f, 57 Striate cortex, 135, 141, 205 Striaterminalis, 122,232 Striatonigral projection, 181 Striatum, 143, 180 Stroke (cerebrovascular disease), 36f, 163, 170, 171t Stupor, 222 Stylomastoid foramen, 156, 157f Subacute combined degeneration (posterolateral sclerosis), 63 Subacutely progressive dysfunction, 39 Subarachnoid hemorrhage, 175, 175f, 279 Subarachnoid space, 150, 152 Subcallosal gyrus, 231 Subcortical descending systems, 184 Subcortical gray matter (basal ganglia), 282 Subcortical white matter, 282 Subdural hemorrhage, 176, 176f, 291, 291f Subdural space, 65, 150 Subfalcial herniation, 152 Subiculum, 228 Index Sublingual glands, 244 Submandibular ganglion, 102, 103t Submaxillary ganglion, 244 Submaxillary glands, 244 Submucosa plexus, 247 Substance P, 49, 247 Substantia gelatinosa, 49 Substantia innominata, 136 Substantia nigra, 30, 86, 181, 18lf Subthalamic nucleus, 126, 182 Subthalamus, 126 clinical correlations, 129 fiber connections, 126 landmarks, 126 Sudden onset of a fixed deficit, 39 Sulci, 131 Sulci and fissures, 131, 133f-134f Sulcus limitans, 43, 44f Sulcus tubae auditivae, 156 Summation, 59 Superficial sensation, 191 Superior, Sf, St Superior cerebellar arteries, 163 Superior cerebellar peduncle, 87, 91 Superior cerebral veins, 166 Superior cervical sympathetic ganglion, 240 Superior colliculi, 78, 79f, 87, 202, 203 Superior ganglia, 111, 112f, 114f Superior glossopharyngeal ganglion, 102 Superior longitudinal fasciculus, 136 Superior mesenteric ganglia, 237 Superior olivary nuclei, 86, 211-212 Superior orbital fissure, 158 Superior parietal lobule, 135 Superior quadrigeminal brachium, 87 Superior rectus muscle, 103, 104f-105f Superior sagittal sinus, 167 Superior salivatory nuclei, 82, 240 Superior vasal ganglion, 102 Supplementary motor area, 140 Supracallosal gyrus, 115, 231 Suprachiasmatic nuclei, 121, 125 Supraoptic nuclei, 121 Supraoptic portion, 121 Suprapineal recess, 149 Suprasellar cistern, 152 Supremarginal gyrus, 135 SVE (special visceral efferents), 80 Sylvian fissure, 131 Sylvius, cistern of, 152 Symmetry,4 Sympathetic fibers, 47 Sympathetic ganglia, 30 Sympathetic (thoracolumbar) division, 237-240, 238f-239f adrenal gland, 240 postganglionic efferent fiber system, 240 preganglionic sympathetic efferent fiber system, 237 Symptoms, definition of, 33 Synapses, 2, 4, 10-11, lOf, lOt, 15f, 19, 23-25, 26t Synapsins, 11 Synaptic delay, 25 365 Synaptic junction, 10 Synaptic plasticity and long-term potentiation, 27 Synaptic terminal, 7 Synaptic transmission, 19, 25-26 ligand-gated (fast), 25-26 second-messenger mediated (slow), 26t-28t Syncope, 221 Syndrome, definition of, 35 Syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). neuroanatomy text and atlas fourth Second-order neurons in the dorsal column system I. convey information about pain and temperature 2. cross within the lemniscal decussation 3. cross within the pyramidal decussation 4. convey well-localized sensations of fine touch, vibration, two-point discrimination, and proprioception 13. The text designer was Elise Lansdon. ISSN 0892-1237. Axons in the spinothalamic tracts decussate A. in the medullary decussation B. in the medullary lemniscus C. within the spinal cord, five to six segments above the level where they enter D. within the spinal cord, within one to two segments of the level where they enter E. in the medial lemniscus 5.
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